Bitterlings are small, coldwater Cyprinids that are ideal for the outdoor pond. They have a violet, iridescent sheen to their bodies. A horizontal blue-green line extends rearwards from below the large dorsal fin to the caudal fin, where it comes to a red spot. The fins and the eyes may also be reddish and the first rays of the pelvic fins are white. The deep, bream-like body is very similar in shape to that of the tropical Barbs, although no barbels are present. While it may rival its tropical relations in its coloring, the Bitterling's main attraction to the aquarist lies in its method of reproduction.

Tank Setup

The tank should be well-planted and sport a soft substrate. This fish needs plenty of swimming space due to its active nature. Bitterlings are peaceful and will usually not bother other fishes, making them perfect for the community tank, providing the temperature is kept low.

Feeding

Bitterlings are omnivorous and should be fed accordingly. Small live foods, flakes, pellets and vegetable matter such as algae tablets or lettuce all make ideal foods.

Water Chemistry

Keep your Bitterlings in a slightly alkaline pH with a water temperature between 55-72 degrees F. They are a hardy species that can adapt to many water values.

Breeding

Spawning of the Bitterling is truly a sight to see. Freshwater or Swan Mussels must be introduced into the tank, which, along with a raise in temperature, will trigger spawning. During the season the female develops a long, extended ovipositor, which she will insert into the breathing opening of the Mussel where she will lay her eggs. The male's sperm is also deposited into the Mussel to fertilize the egg, which will develop inside the Mussel's gill cavity. The fry are born with swollen heads which keeps them from being expelled through the gills of the Mussel. In four weeks the fry are expelled after they develop to their normal size. The secret of spawning the Bitterling lies in the aquarist's ability to maintain the host Mussels in the aquarium, as the fishes themselves present no problems.