That will vary on how healthy the stock was to begin with, the diet they get, and how stress free they are. Also, what species those rainbows are. If you are talking about the occupants of the tank in your sig, stress will soon become an issue.
My rainbows have grown a lot over the last 2 years and a couple are close to full size... But then I have 7 in a 50 g tank with a big gudgeon and little else...
Rainbows tend to grow slowly but steadily, from when they're young through adulthood. As above food, stress, space etc has a lot to do with it.
Just an extra note. Rainbows never stop growing (like many fish) so eventually they will exceed their maximum size. A local LFS has 3 very old Eastern Rainbows that are pushing 8" long.
I'm trying to remember the last eastern rainbows I had. I had them about 6 years i think. Seemed like they grew to a good size in a couple of years and then slowed down and grew little if at all. May have been limitations in the tank, although I had only 6 in the same 190lt I have the new guys in now... But that was about 20 years ago and the memory is vague.
when i got my biggest angels, they were already 4" long, and now they are full size after about a year and a half. the next two i got when they were 3" long, and then the last two were 2.5", and after a year the 3' ones are 5', and the 2.5 inch ones are pushing 4 3/4 inches.