I totally understand that you did not put this grouping together and that you are now stuck in a situation that you need to deal with, and if possible, without spending a lot of money.
I know we have thrown a lot of scary info at you real fast and it may be overwhelming. Relax... Stay calm...
The first and most important thing (and cheap) is WATER CHANGES!
It sounds like you got this tank and your first instinct was to clean it. I understand this and I know it sounds like a good thing to do but it was probably where the problem started. This was an established tank and it probably had all the needed bacteria to provide good bio-filtration. By putting the fish in your 14 gal tank and thoroughly cleaning the 40 gal tank you probably wiped out its bio-filter. This means the tank is probably starting the cycling process all over again and that can take several weeks. It would be wise to do daily water changes of at least 25%-33% to keep the ammonia and nitrite levels in the safe zone until the tank is cycled.
It probably would have been better to simply fill the tank back up when you got it home but that is in the past and there is no point in focusing on that now.
When you can afford it you really should try to get a master test kit. You can order one from Walmart online for under $18 with free shipping. Here is a link
Master Test Kit.
As for the bad combination of fish you have. Yes you were dealt this bad hand, but you may have a chance to discard and draw a few new ones (sticking with the metaphor). Talk to your local fish store(s). They may be willing to take the Clown Loaches, Bala Shark and Tiger Barbs in on trade and you could get some smaller, more compatible fish instead (more Angelfish, Cory Cats, Dwarf Gouramis, Rasboras, Rainbow fish).
I don't know what to tell you about the Chinese Algea Eater. I doubt if a fish store would take it. They really do have a bad reputation and they do grow too large for your tank.
Good luck - Water Changes, Water Changes, Water Changes, oh and did I mention WATER CHANGES!