RO stands for Reverse Osmosis filtered water. The RO filters remove pretty much 99% of the impurities within water--dissolved minerals, pollutants, chlorine/chloramines, metals, phosphates, nitrates, etc. It produces a LOT of waste water--I think most give you about 1 gallon of filtered water/10+ gallons of tap water, depending on the condition of the tap water. This 'waste' water can be used for gardens, or some fresh water tanks (like cichlid tanks, that need hard water with a high pH). RO water has a netural pH, and needs to have 'stuff' like buffers added back in when used for FW tanks, or for drinking water.