Thermometer Calibration
An easy way that anyone can calibrate their own thermometer at least at one point, is to make an ice bath. For this you need distilled water (not tap water), a freezer, an ice cube tray and a blender. Fill the ice cube try with distilled water and freeze it. Next place the distilled water ice cubes in a blender, and crush them up very small. Mix in a little liquid distilled water. The object is to make a distilled water slushie. Place the thermometer into the slushie and give it a few minutes to change indication. It should stop at exactly 0.0°C (32.0°F). If it is correct at this point, your odds are much better that it will read correctly at aquarium temperature.
Note never exceed the range of the thermometer, because the glass ones will break, or the mercury will develop bubbles, and the digital ones can be damaged.
Another note incase your thinking about it, the boiling point of water (100°C, 212°F) does not make as good a temperature reference as the freezing point, because the boiling point varies much more with changes in barometric pressure. This value is also way above the range most thermometers you'd be likely to use on your aquarium.
The best method is to compare it to a calibrated reference thermometer at the temp you are using it at, but most people don't have affordable access to one.