This tends to happen if the fish has been sucked against the filter intake and stuck there for an extended period of time.
In my experience the fish doesn't often break away from the filter intake, but if this is what happened, it could have been knocked off by another fish (i.e. got hungry and picked at the sick one), or managed to break free with its own strength. Unfortunately, the fish that I've had this happen to have always died.
A bent back may also be the result of a developmental problem, but this is unlikely in your situation since you say it happened rather suddenly.