Considering I want to keep A. compressiceps sp. sumbu shell and cannot afford them right now, do those, and then send me some fry when you are done![]()
I'll keep that in mind lol. Though I don't know how cheaply I can ship from Scotland to Cali =P
Considering I want to keep A. compressiceps sp. sumbu shell and cannot afford them right now, do those, and then send me some fry when you are done![]()
Abstract
Life history theory predicts that the amount of resources allocated to reproduc- tion should maximize an individual’s lifetime reproductive success. So far, resource allocation in reproduction has been studied mainly in females. Intra- specific variation of endogenous energy storage and utilization patterns of males has received little attention, although these patterns may vary greatly between individuals pursuing alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). ARTs are charac- terized by systematic variation of behavioral, physiological, and often morpho- logical traits among same-sex conspecifics. Some individuals may rely on previously accumulated reserves, because of limited foraging opportunities dur- ing reproduction. Others may be able to continue foraging during reproduc- tion, thus relying on reserves to a lesser extent. We therefore predicted that, if male tactics involve such divergent limitations and trade-offs within a species, ARTs should correspondingly differ in energy reserve allocation and utilization. To test this prediction, we studied short-term and long-term reserve storage patterns of males in the shell-brooding cichlid Lamprologus callipterus. In this species, bourgeois males investing in territory defense, courtship, and guarding of broods coexist with two distinct parasitic male tactics: (1) opportunistic sneaker males attempting to fertilize eggs by releasing sperm into the shell opening when a female is spawning; and (2) specialized dwarf males attempting to enter the shell past the spawning female to fertilize eggs from inside the shell. Sneaker males differed from other male types by showing the highest amount of accumulated short-term and long-term fat stores, apparently antic- ipating their upcoming adoption of the nest male status. In contrast, nest males depleted previously accumulated energy reserves with increasing nest holding period, as they invest heavily into costly reproductive behaviors while not tak- ing up any food. This conforms to a capital breeder strategy. Dwarf males did not accumulate long-term fat stores at all, which they can afford due to their small behavioral effort during reproduction and their continued feeding activ- ity, conforming to an income breeder strategy. Our data confirm that the resource storage patterns of males pursuing ARTs can diverge substantially, which adds to our understanding of the coexistence and maintenance of alter- native reproductive patterns within species.