Sort of as in they'll only last a couple of years or so in an ecosphere, since ammonia will eventually build up to toxic levels, oxygen and nutrients will eventually run out, etc - basically all the reasons we need do water changes.
Though I'm sure a couple of years probably sounds like a full life for a shrimp to some people, Halocaridina rubra are supposed to have a 20+ year lifespan under ideal conditions and proper care.