I worked in the fish business for several years. All corys came in the same bag together, not each one separate. I've been poked numerous times by their dorsal fin. Yes, it hurts, but it could have been things the water introduced into the wound that caused the burning/sting.
I've never even heard of this. They are peaceful fish. That dorsal ray will poke predators and hopefully spook them off. They use it as a defense. I've had to take cory's out of the mouths of larger fish. They spread out their dorsal and pectoral fins to "stab" at the larger fish and making it impossible for them to be swallowed. The corys survive if they are removed soon enough, the larger fish not so much. I think if they were that toxic, everyone would be aware of the issue, much like we know about lion fish..etc. (I've been stung by a lion fish as well)
I agree there are specific breeds that do have a toxin they can use. But, they very very very rarely do. If they did I think you would see a lot more issues. In my tanks I've got almost every breed that does have it. Some that don't. Never ever any issues. But let's yet to the point of your issues. Your incurring deaths in your tank. I'm 99.9% sure its not the cory cats. First is the fish you have dying aren't living at the substrate level where the cories live. You know its not disease as you have quarantined them for 2 weeks. Besides disease wouldn't kill them a couple days after adding. I'm sure you would see signs of issues first as well as right now. You now have seen with your own eyes the 2 agressors in the tank. The 2 oscars. Get rid if them and you should fix the issue. But beware of the pictus cat. They get large and can cause issues to.