Overgrazing
occurs when nomadic herders allow too many animals to graze
on the land for an extended period of time. This causes the
natural grasses to die out. Without plant life, there is nothing left
to hold down the precious topsoil, the layer of nutrient-rich soil
that enables plants to grow. Dry winds then blow away the
naked topsoil and sand from the Sahara’s fringes overtakes the
land. This “spreading of deserts” into once productive grasslands
is called desertification and it is occurring at an alarming rate in
the Sahel.
Grazing livestock also pose another problem for the Sahel. As nomadic herders travel from place to
place with their livestock, the animals’ hooves pound and compact the soil, making it more difficult for
water to percolate down to the plants’ roots. In addition, the herds trample and kill the grass. Without
plant life, the topsoil is exposed to the natural elements of wind and rain. Thus erosion occurs, degrading
yet another patch of the Sahel to barren rock or sheets of sand.
Droughts alone do not cause desertification. It is natural that some semi-arid regions, like the Sahel,
may experience long periods of time without adequate rain. In fact, well-managed lands can recover
from drought when the rains return. However the needs of an increased population, combined with land
abuse practices (such as cutting down trees and shrubs for fuel), does contribute to desertification,
especially in drought-stricken areas. The Sahel of West Africa has suffered from drought since 1968.
By 1973, the drought and poor land-use practices resulted in the deaths of 100,000 people and 12
million cattle, the loss of farmland, and the disruption of millions of lives. It was the combination of
drought, overgrazing, and poor land management that resulted in this disaster. Although the
environmental plight of the Sahel has received a lot of publicity, the desertification process is occurring
on almost every continent. Often the desertification process has advanced too far to prevent some of the
destructive cause and effect sequences, but there are some remedies to reverse the trend of advancing