Nate, the one inch per gallon rule is not accurate at all. About the only thing it could be good for is very slim bodied fish. A fish has more than just length; it also has height and thickness. If that rule were followe, you could justify a 10" Oscar in a 10 gallon tank.
When picking fish, you are looking at the adult size of the fish when judging how many you can have.
Other issues are...
Their diet, compatibility with others, water conditions, how much swimming space they need, are they top/mid/bottom dwellers, do they need to be kept in schools, spawning habits, terriotorial needs.
It is a lot to take in. Sumthin fishy gave you some good combinations. Why not give one a try when you have looked/thought about it and develop some experience.