The depth of the bed (and particle size) are critical to provide the correct conditions. If the sand bed is not deep enough, and the oxygen level does not drop enough, the sand bed will produce nitrite from the nitrate. A disaster. Conversely, if the sand bed is too deep, the entire bottom of the bed can turn anoxic and produce sulphur dioxide. If this happens the affected sand turns black. If this black area is disturbed or sampled it releases the characteristic rotten egg smell. This chemical is of course toxic. However in practice, it is not a problem in a few very small and isolated spots . Larger areas obviously leach enough sulphur dioxide into the water to poison and destroy the rest of the sand bed, and soon afterwards the rest of your livestock.