You seem to have really thought about this a lot, and for that I commend you!
I used to keep a couple of small gar in my 55, along with a very small channel cat and a pleco... and traded all but the sucker in when the gar were about 7 inches long each because they were obviously going to outgrow the tank within another year. That, and to be honest, they were kinda boring. All they did was sit there. It was fun to watch them hunt though....
I have often thought about going for a bluegill or pumpkinseed tank, with 1, maybe 2 very small (baitfish sized) specimens to grow out... I just haven't gotten around to it. Panfish are VERY aggressive and territorial, so it would be hard for me because I wouldn't wanna give up my pleco
In any case, I do agree that keeping "other" native wildlife in your tank would be a nice way to fill out the void while your fish grows up. Small fish like madtoms, dace, etc., as well as crayfish, snails, and native aquatic plants (check your laws on all of these, please) are free for the taking provided you have a fishing/collection permit. Just be very sure to take ID photos or a book with you so that you don't inadvertantly pick up an endangered species and get yourself arrested for the sake of your hobby
Unless you're planning to be releasing fish every few months into that private pond, you are pretty well limited to the smaller game fish like panfish, or maybe, just MAYBE a bass. For temperatures, most NA game fish are pretty open on their water conditions. I have caught them in warm Florida phosphate pits as well as Douglas Lake in Tennessee, and I know the bluegill ranges all the way into Canada, so they can withstand a lot of different temperatures. I am pretty sure most panfish species are most comfortable in the low 70's/high 60's, about like a goldfish should like. If you keep your house pretty cool, room temperature should suffice. I think musky and pike like it cold, so you may run into a large expense with a setup similar to deep-saltwater with a chiller involved. But if you're gonna go for that, why not spring for a 400 gallon tank you can keep a musky in for life?
Good luck to you on this! NA natives are just as beautiful and interesting as any fish you can buy at your LFS...