Nutrients are present in the filter media and provide ammo. Furthermore, the O2 exchange is still going on even if the water is still. Remember, we are not talking about fish but bacteria. Their need is far less than a fish. Research on filter media and bacteria for more info on the subject.
Furthermore, the bacteria present in the gravel ( if any ) will still stay alive.
PS : I surely don't advise to shut down the filter of any aquarium/bowl for the night. Solve the noise problem instead. The way you presented your topic, I thought you were talking about a fishless, waterless tank that was left alone for a week or so. Shutting the filtration for a whole night will deprive the fish of needed O2. Oh they will probably won't die, but it's not a good thing for sure.