Unclear about filter changes...

So if I'm swishing my filter pads in used aquarium water when they look clogged and they'll last a long time, how often do I have to change the carbon? Will it hurt anything to have it in the filter bag for the months the filter bag will last? I'm not trying to be cheap. I want to have my fish healthy and not waste money.
 
It won't hurt anything to have the filter bag in for months. The carbon of course won't last that long, but that is up to you whether you want or need effective carbon in your filter. There are lots of threads on that debate. As long as the filter material isn't falling apart it can be used and cleaned many times. If it is one of those bag systems, you can always cut the bag a bit and stuff it with sponge material or polywool or ceramic beads and increase the surface area for bacteria to grow.
 
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