What is this?

Hair algae is a PITA. It looks like loose pieces of hair algae to me, I tend to have some in most of my tanks. Just reach in with your hand and remove it. Only one of my tanks is exempt from hair algae build up. My rainbow cichlids are pigs when it comes to any plant matter, they get the hair algae from the rest of my tanks as a treat.
 
I am so sorry to say this but it does look like cyanobacteria. Smell it...if it stinks really badly then it is definitely cyano. It will be slimy and break apart into a million pieces too which makes it even harder to get rid of.
 
i dont think ghost shrimp really eat algae all too much maybe a little tho
never seen cyano myself but looks like blue green to me
irc some sand will cause algae so if you have a new tank thats probably why (or the lights were on a long time)
 
The link Slappy provided is a good jumping off point, please take a look.

I'd use a siphon hose (like the one attached to gravel vacs) and sort of gently lift/swish the top of the sand while sucking up the gunk that gets up into the water column. What's going on with the lower part of your back glass? Try using a razor blade to remove it, could be more cyano or just a heckuva lot of green spot algae...

Step up your water changes, I'd say 25% once or twice a week. Personally, I'd load a ton more plants into your tank - fast growing nitrate suckers like water sprite, anacharis or just a mass of java moss. The best way to combat algae is to have plants that out compete them for nutrients. (This is after you've manually removed what's already growing)
 
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