comparative studies across species indicate the brain size is not necessarily a good predictor of perceptual or cognitive abilities. Brain size increases with body size. A cow’s brain, for example, is much larger than a human’s brain, but no one suggests cows are smarter than humans. For more on the relationship between brain size and body size, see the Developmental Structure in Brain Evolution, published in the journal, Behavioral and Brain Sciences. In addition, this Bryn Mawr comparative neuroanatomy site helps to visualize the relationship between body size and brain size.
Scientists agree that it is not the size of the brain that predicts intelligence, but the size of the neocortex, which is the upper region of the cerebral cortex of the brain. For more on the brain and the cerebral cortex, see Neuroscience for Kids. The neocortex is the region of the brain that is involved in most complex brain functions such as memory, perceptual awareness, language and consciousness. Only mammals have a neocortex; reptiles, amphibians, and fish do not. Scientists commonly agree that self-awareness, often measured by a “mirror test,” is exclusive to higher primates, such as humans and great apes (although a recent study of dolphins indicates that they react to a mirror image of themselves).