I don't know about short-term memory, but captive fish have lots of learned behaviors. My catfish, down to glass cats (schooling fish of otherwise remarkably small brainpower) know what time it is - in relation to lights on (timed) and feeding time, which is late in their day. They come out ~ 1/2 hour prior to catfish feeding time from their usual "hanging in the current" area under the floating leaves of Vals and circle endlessly in the area where I feed near the surface at the opposite end of the tank. They are joined within minutes of normal feeding time by the school of debauwi cats. If I am late, they wait a bit over an hour and then return to normal positions and activity. The larger crepuscular cats behave similarly, and in a more complex situation as they are fed only on alternate days. Definite learned behavior and long-term memory.
Cichlids and puffers (much brighter fish IME & IMHO) can be trained fairly easily.