Here's a short synopsis. Bacteria need carbon and nitrogen to produce complex molecules to grow. In a fully mature cell the C:N ratio is generally 10-12:1. This means that for every nitrogen atom sequestered from the environment the bacteria need 10-12 carbon atoms. Vodka is mostly just ethanol with a little bit of water. Each ethanol molecule contains 2 carbon atoms and can be used by bacteria. In the marine environment from a quick search I found that the average C:N ratio availability is 6-8:1. Since bacteria have a ratio of 10-12:1, this leaves a lot of N free to the environment. By adding in more C in the form of ethanol more bacteria can grow, as carbon is not limited.
In the freshwater aquariums they sell flourish excel for plants. According to the website this is a mixture of 5 chain organic molecules. (Strangely enough fructose is a 5 chain organic molecule...hmmm....). Dosing Carbon theoretically should allow for longer periods between water changes in an unplanted tank.
I do not know what the reasoning behind using Vodka is. I would think any simple easily digested carbon chain could achieve the same result. Sucrose (baking sugar) possibly could be used.
The more you know...

Seriously though, that's good stuff... dang, I wish I was smart. :read::wall: