That's very like old Whisper filters I still use. There is less media volume than is in, say, Aqua Clears.
But they can work if you're careful not to "over rinse" the media in tap water & kill the nitrifying bacteria. Both the black sponge & the white polyester cartridge can be rinsed, preferably not both at the same filter cleaning. The polyester & carbon filter will not last as long as the almost forever sponge. & both will be a place where beneficial bacteria can live (as all tank décor & surfaces will).
If you "over clean" your filter & decor, you may remove too much of the BB to keep enough bacteria for your bioload & the tank will go through a "mini-cycle" often. Your white rock, white substrate & plastic plants look "too clean" to me. Biofilm is a key component of a healthy tank.
Sorry, I didn't reread your entire thread so I may have missed what you're asking.